The world is reaching a decisive moment where climate action and economic growth are increasingly coming into conflict. Governments, businesses, and citizens everywhere are now confronting a difficult reality: meaningful progress on climate change may require slowing or even shrinking parts of the global economy. More than 145 countries that together produce most of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions have committed to or are exploring net zero targets. Cutting emissions is now linked not only to environmental protection, but also to public health, energy security, and long term economic stability. However, the most direct way to reduce emissions is to limit the activities that generate them, which often means scaling down sectors such as fossil fuels, steel, cement, aviation, shipping, petrochemicals, fertilizer, and industrial agriculture. These sectors employ millions of workers and support national exports, so reducing their size carries serious consequences for employment, wages,...